In 1965 the Adeno associated viruses (AAV) were discovered as a contaminant of preparations of the adenovirus (Ad) - hence its name. It is a small, replication-defective, non-enveloped virus (20 nm) whose genome contains single-stranded DNA. It belongs to the family of parvoviruses. In most cases, people treated with AAVs are not pathogenic because 80-90% of humans are seropositive for AAV2. As well as infecting dividing cells, recombinant AAVs can persist in an extrachromosomal form without integrating into the host cell's genome.
Virus serotypes
Currently, BrainVTA supplies the following serotypes: 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, rh10, DJ, DJ8, PHP.B, PHP.eB, PHP.S, retro, pan, and anc80. In addition, novel peptide-modified serotypes can also be produced on a case-by-case basis. The type of serotype determines the tissue specificity. If you are unsure which AAV serotype to use, please check out this table to explore the AAV serotypes that are available to you in order to efficiently deliver the gene into the cells or tissues of your choice.
Explore available AAV serotype
Serotype
Tropism
AAV1
Muscle, heart, CNS, RPE, lung, skeletal muscle
AAV2
In vitro, CNS, RPE, muscle, liver,CNS
AAV5
Lung, RPE, CNS, pancreas, adipose, liver
AAV6
Muscle, lung, heart
AAV8
Liver, muscle, RPE, CNS, adipose, pancreas
AAV-pan
Pancreas
AAV9
Lung, liver, muscle, heart, CNS, adipose, BBB
AAV.rh10
CNS, BBB, pleura
AAV-Rec2
Adipose
AAV.DJ
In vitro, liver, heart, kidney
AAV2/RETRO
Retro
AAV.PHP.S
DRG, heart, colon
AAV.PHP.B
BBB
AAV.PHP.eB
BBB
Tissue-specific promoters
BrainVTA offers various tissue-specific promoters. Listed below are the most commonly chosen promoters. Don' see the promoter of interest, please inquire.
Strong promoters
Name
Characteristics
Size（bp）
CMV
Ubiquitous
584
CAG
Ubiquitous
1678
CBA( Cbh )
Ubiquitous
793
nEf1α
Short Ef1α, Ubiquitous
493
Ef1α
Ubiquitous
1179
hUbC
Ubiquitous
1130
Inducible promoters
Name
Characteristics
Size（bp）
TRE3G
Tetracycline(Tet)-inducible
350
Activity-dependent promoters
Name
Characteristics
Size（bp）
C-fos
Immediate-early gene promoter
662
E-SARE
Enhanced synaptic activity–responsive element
954
Neuron-specific promoters
Name
Characteristics
Size（bp）
Mecp2
Truncated Mcep2 neuron specific
230
hSyn
Mature neuron specific
485
CaMKIIa
Specific expression inexci-tatory neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus
1293
PV
GABAergic neuron subtypes
2396
SST
GABAergic neuron subtypes
2597
VGAT
GABAergic neuron
1800
mDlX
GABAergic neuron
530
TH
Dopaminergic neuron specific
299
TPH2
Tryptophan hydroxylase promoter
2042
ChAT
Cholinergic neuron specific
1500
GFAP104
Short GFAP
845
Cx30（GJB6)
Astrocyte specific
1505
CX3CR1
Microglia specific
1263
Mash1/Ascl1
Neural stem cell specific
1469
Nestin
Neural stem cell specific
1394
L7/Pcp2
Purkinje cell
990
MBP
Myelin basic protein promoter, efficient transduction of oligodendrocytes
1300
TRPV1
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1
2073
TRPV2
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 2
1700
D1
D1 dopamine receptor
827
D2
D2 dopamine receptor
1211
OT
Oxytocin promoter
2612
CRH
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) promoter
456
PTH
Human parathyroid hormone promoter
925
Eye-specific promoters
Name
Characteristics
Size（bp）
hGRK1
Human rhodopsin kinase promoter
292
CAR
Cone arrestin gene promoter
523
CaMKIIa
Specific expression inexci-tatory neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus
1293
Grm6
Bipolar cell specific expression
200
Grm6
Bipolar cell specific expression
200
mRHOP
Rhodopsin gene promoter
524
ROH
Rhodopsin gene promoter
2200
TH
Dopaminergic neuron specific
299
Nrl
Neural retina leucine zipper gene promoter
3200
RK
Rhodopsin kinase promoter
295
Liver-specific promoters
Name
Characteristics
Size（bp）
ALB
Albumin enhancer promoter
1001
TBG
Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A
410
How do I obtain virus packaging services?
BrainVTA offers professional, convenient and R & D AAV products and services that range in size from small to large, and can assist scientists in accelerating their research process in circuit tracing, mechanisms of disease, and treatment of disease.
As of now, we have almost 1000 AAV products with different serotypes and promoters. Meanwhile, the company has offered AAV services for our clients based on the following serotypes: AAV-1, AAV-2, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-8, AAV-DJ, and AAV-PHP.eB, AAV-retro, AAV-anc80 and AAV-9. On a case-by-case basis, artificially designed serotypes and vectors can also be created.
Please click Pre-Made AAVs for the in-stock AAVs.
Click here for Custom-Made AAVs service.
Request more info
If you have any questions about plasmid vector construction services, just email us at [email protected] or call us at 866-986-9598.
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